Π§Π΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²
Π§ΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ
ΠΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ β ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅, ΠΏΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ, ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ Π² ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. Π’Π°ΠΊ ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²ΠΊΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ².
ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π² ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π±ΡΠ» ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΠ»ΡΡ ΠΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ» Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π³Π°ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠ½, ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΡ Π² ΠΏΠΈΡΡ ΠΉΠΎΠ³ΡΡΡ.
ΠΠ½ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠΈΠ», ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ Π² ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ Π³Π½ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΡ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ» ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΡΠΌΠΈ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ Β«ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈΒ» ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΡΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π΄Π½Π΅Π΅, Π² 1980-Ρ Β Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ .
Π Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΠΠ‘Π’ Π 52349-2005 ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΌ ΠΈΠ½Π³ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π°. Π ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΠΎ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π·Π°ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·Π΅ Π΄Π»Ρ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Ρ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ»Π°ΡΡΡΡ
ΠΠΎ ΠΠΠ‘Π’Β Π Β 56139-2014, Π² ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π²Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ:
- Π»Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ±Π°ΡΠΈΠ»Π»Ρ;
- Π±ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ;
- ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΡΠ΅ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ;
- ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΊΠΊΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π° Streptococcus thermophilus;
- Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Lactococcus.
ΠΠ½ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡ ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ Π² Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π². ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΆΠ΅ Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΉΠΎΠ³ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅.
Π§Π΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ
ΠΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΡ , Π½ΠΎ Ρ ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠ·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ. Π ΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π½Π° Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ Π½Π΅Π»ΡΠ·Ρ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π½Π° Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ.
Π’Π΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠ΅Π΅ , Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π³Π°ΡΠ΄Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»Π»Π΅Π·Π° , ΡΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄ΡΠ°ΠΆΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° . Π’Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π½Π΅Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ°ΡΡ Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ Ρ ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π° , ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ.
Π§ΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ
Π ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Ρ Π°ΡΠ°, ΠΏΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Ρ, ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ, ΠΆΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ. Π’ΠΎ Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅, ΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΡ, ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΡ, ΡΡΡΠΊΡΡ, ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈ, ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈ.
Π§Π΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ
ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ Π±ΡΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π·Π°Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π½Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΊΠΎ Π·Π°Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π²Π·Π΄ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°.
Π ΡΡΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ
ΠΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΡ Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ ΠΎΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³Π°: Π±Π΅Π· ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ°ΡΡΡΡ, Π±Π΅Π· ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ.
Π‘ΡΠΎΠΈΡ Π»ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ
ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ°Ρ , Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΡ, ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΠΏΠΈΡΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½. ΠΡΡΠΏΡ, ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΡ, ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΒ β ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π° Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠ°Π²Π΄Π°, Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠΎ Π»ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ: Π²Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ·Π½Π°Π΅ΡΠ΅, ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΡ Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ Π² Π²Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΡΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°.
Π§ΡΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²ΠΎΠΊ, Π½ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π΅ΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅. ΠΠΎ-ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ , ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½. ΠΠΎ-Π²ΡΠΎΡΡΡ , Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΡ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ Ρ ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΌΡΡΡΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ. Π-ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ , Π½Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½Ρ. Π‘ΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ, Π²Ρ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΊ: ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ³ΠΈ Π²ΠΏΡΡΡΡΡ. ΠΠΎ Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ: ΠΏΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Ρ Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ .
Π§ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅
ΠΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ β Π² ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈΡΠ°?
ΠΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ β ΡΡΠΎ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°. Π ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅. ΠΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π±Π°Π»Π°Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΡΡ ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΡΡ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π΅ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΡ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π΅ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΈ Π±Π°Π»Π°Π½Ρ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ Π² ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ (Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ° Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²) ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π΅ ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π΅ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ.Π ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°ΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡ Π»Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ (Π»Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ±Π°ΡΠΈΠ»Π»Ρ, Lactobacillus), Π±ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ (Bifidobacterium), ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΡΠ΅ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ (Propionibacterium), ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΊΠΊΠΈ (Π²ΠΈΠ΄ Streptococcus thermophilus) ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π° Bacillus subtillis.
Π Π°Π·Π½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ Π»Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ°, ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΡΡ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Π±ΠΎΠ»Π³Π°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π³Π°ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠΊΠ° β ΠΉΠΎΠ³ΡΡΡΠ°. ΠΡΠΎΡ ΠΉΠΎΠ³ΡΡΡ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Β«ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎ ΠΌΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎΒ» ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΈΠΌΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌ ΠΠΎΠ»Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ. Π ΠΏΡΠΈΠ³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΌ ΠΉΠΎΠ³ΡΡΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½Ρ, ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°, ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΡΡ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ β ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΊΠΊ. ΠΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ Π°ΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ (Lactobacillus acidophilus) Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ Π°ΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ½.
ΠΠΈΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 80-98% Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π²Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΡ. ΠΠΈΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΡ.
ΠΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ, ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ: ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Β«ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ΅Β» ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΡΡΠ»Π°Ρ (ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ·Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΏΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅), ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π΅ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ², Π·Π°ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ. Π¨ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΡΡ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ , ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ: ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ Π²ΠΈΠ΄.
Π‘ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π° Bacillus subtillis β ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°. ΠΡΠΈ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Β«Π΄Π΅Π·ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π°Β», ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΆΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π³ΡΠΈΠ±Ρ. Π‘Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π² ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΡ ΠΈ, Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΠ² ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°. ΠΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ B. Subtilis, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ Β«ΠΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Β», ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ, Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π°Π³ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ·Π°, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΠ ΠΠ ΠΈ Π³ΡΠΈΠΏΠΏΠ° ΠΈ Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ
ΠΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ — Π² ΡΡΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅
ΠΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ — ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ½Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ. ΠΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ. ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ Π² Π²Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅.
ΠΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ, Π±ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ (ΡΡΡΠΊΡΡ, ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π·Π»Π°ΠΊΠΈ). ΠΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ°Ρ , ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΉΠΎΠ³ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΡΡΡΠ°.
ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°
ΠΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ°. ΠΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΊ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΈΒ Π½Π° 60%.
Π 2017 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½ Π£ΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅Ρ ΠΈ Π ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ ΠΠΈΠ»Π΅Π², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ° Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡ Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ·Π³Π°.
Π ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ, Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Ρ Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ². ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ, Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·Π° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ.
ΠΡΠ΄ΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π±Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ². Π Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡ:Β
Π²Π·Π΄ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ Π³Π°Π·Ρ;
Π°Π»Π»Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ;
Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ.
ΠΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ: ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·Π°
ΠΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ — ΡΡΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ. ΠΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠΌ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Ρ Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ².Β
ΠΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡ, Π² ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅.
ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·Ρ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ:
ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΡΠΈΡ;
ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΡ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²;
ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ;Β
ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ΅Π½ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ².
ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ½Π° Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π½Π΅Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²ΠΊΠΈ.
Π Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π½Π΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ² ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π½. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ°.
Π ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ?
ΠΡΠ΄ΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π΅Π΄ΡΡ ΡΠ±Π°Π»Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ, ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ ΠΈ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΏΠΈΡΡ, Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²:

ΠΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΡ | ΠΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΡ |
ΠΠΎΠ³ΡΡΡΒ | Π Π΅ΠΏΡΠ°ΡΡΠΉ Π»ΡΠΊ, Π»ΡΠΊ-ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΉ |
ΠΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ | Π§Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ |
ΠΠΈΡΠ»Π°Ρ, ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΡΡΡΠ° | Π¦ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ |
ΠΠΎΠΌΠ±ΡΡΠ° (ΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½ΡΠΉ Π³ΡΠΈΠ±) | ΠΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊ |
Π€Π΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡ (ΠΠ°ΡΠ΄Π°) | Π‘ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΆΠ° |
Π’Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ (ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΎΠ΅Π²ΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ²) | ΠΠ°Π½Π°Π½Ρ, ΡΠ±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΈ |
ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΡΡ | ΠΠ²ΡΡ |
ΠΠ»Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏ ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΡΠ°Ρ Π°ΡΠ° Π² Π³ΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ΅, Π° Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ.
Π§ΡΠΎΒ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΒ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎ Π»ΠΈΒ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΒ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½Ρ, Π²Β ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΄Π°Π½ ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ, Π°Β ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΒ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΒ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Medical Note.
ΠΒ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΡ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ². ΠΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΡΡΠ°Β ΡΠΈΡΡΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½Π°Ρ, Π²Π΅Π΄Ρ ΡΒ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΒ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΅ ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΡ Β ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ.
ΠΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π²Π΅Β ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π²Β ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅. ΠΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ, Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ, ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ½Β ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 3Β ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΈΒ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ Π½Π΅Β ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π½Π°Β ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΒ ΡΡΠΎΒ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, Π½ΠΎΒ ΠΈΒ Π½Π°Β Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΒ Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΒ ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΒ Π½Π°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π²Π΅ΡΠ°.
Π£ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈ Π½Π°Ρ, ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π°Β Π΄Π²Π΅Β Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ: ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΒ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΡΠ΅. Π‘Β ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΡΒ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ, ΠΈΡ Β Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎ-ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ, ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ Π²Β ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ΅, Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π½Π΅Β Π΄ΠΎΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΡ.
ΠΒ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Ρ, ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΡ Β ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΒ ΡΠ°Π·Β ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΡΠ΅ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΡ Β ΠΏΠΎΒ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ-ΡΠΎΒ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎ, Π°Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΡ ΡΡΡΒ ΠΆΠ΅Β Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡΡ, Π°Β ΡΡΠΎΒ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π°Β Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°.
Π§Π°ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ, ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠ° ΡΡΡΠ°Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΒ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ². ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΒ Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ Β«ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈΒ». ΠΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅ΡΡΡ Π²Β Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Ρ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ, Π²Β ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡ ΠΈΡ , Π½ΠΎΒ ΠΈΒ Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ. ΠΒ ΡΡΡΒ Π½Π°Β ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ.
ΠΡΠ΅Β Π²Β Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π΅ XXΒ Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π²ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΠ»ΡΡ ΠΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ», ΡΡΠΎΒ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΡΠ΅ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π°Β Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°. ΠΠ½Β ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π» Π΄ΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎ, ΡΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΒ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Β«Π±ΠΎΠ»Π³Π°ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΉΒ».ΠΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π΄ ΠΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ» ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ-ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠ° Escherichia coli. ΠΒ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΡ ΠΠ½ΡΠΈ Π’ΠΈΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ³ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π±ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ·Β ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠΉ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ»Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ°, Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π°Β Π³ΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π²ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠΌΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ.
ΠΠΎΒ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ Β«ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈΒ» ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΡΡ Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π²Β 1965 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈ ΠΈΒ Π‘ΡΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΡΠ» Π²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π²Β ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ, ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ².
ΠΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ
ΠΡΠΎΒ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅, ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°Ρ Π²Β ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΡΒ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΉ, ΠΠΠΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΒ Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°. ΠΠ°ΠΊΒ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, Π΄Π»ΡΒ ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡ Π»Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΒ Π±ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π°Β ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΡ Β ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ.
ΠΠ΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ, ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π°Β ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ-Π΄Π²Π΅Β Π½Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ. ΠΒ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ° Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ². Π Π°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π½Π°Β ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΒ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π½Π΅ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π΄ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΒ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°, ΡΠ²ΡΒ Π½Π΅Β ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Β Π½ΠΈΡ Β Π½Π΅Β Π·Π°Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π²Β ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΒ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΡ Π½Π΅Β Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎ-ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ.
ΠΒ ΡΠΎΒ ΠΆΠ΅Β Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΄Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ, Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΊ, ΠΏΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΒ Π½Π΅Β Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΉ, ΡΡΠΎΒ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π½Π΅ Π»Π°ΠΊΡΠΎβ ΠΈΒ Π±ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΒ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°. ΠΠ΅Π΄Ρ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΒ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΡΒ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ (ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ) ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ².
Π‘ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΒ β Β«ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Β», Β«ΠΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Β» ΠΈΒ Β«ΠΠΈΡΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΌΠ±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅Ρин» β ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ.
Β«ΠΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ±ΡΠΈΠ»Β», Β«ΠΠΈΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Β» ΠΈΒ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΒ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΒ ΠΈΡ Β ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π΅ Π½Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π»ΡΒ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΠ² ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΡ, ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΒ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, Π±ΡΡΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ.
ΠΒ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Β«ΠΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΊΡΒ», Β«ΠΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΌΒ», Β«ΠΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ»Β». ΠΡΠΎΒ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ, ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΒ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ.
ΠΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΒ β Β«ΠΠΈΡΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΌΠ±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Β» ΠΈΒ Β«ΠΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠΎΡ» β ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Ρ Π±ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΒ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΡΠΌ Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ-ΡΠΎΡΠ±Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠ½ΠΈΒ Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ Π²Β ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ, ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ, Π±Π΅ΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΡ Π²Β ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ, Π³Π΄Π΅Β ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎΒ ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΡ.
ΠΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅Β Π²Β ΡΠΈΠ»Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΒ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²: ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΡΒ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π»ΡΡ Π΅Π΅Β ΡΠΎΡΡ, ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΡ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΒ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌ, Π°Β ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°, ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈΒ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ°Ρ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ.
Π’Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π²Β ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡ Π²Β ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΈ, ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΒ ΡΠ°Ρ Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π±Π΅ΡΠ°, Π°ΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°, Π»Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΒ ΡΡΠ΄Π° Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ.
ΠΒ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ, ΠΉΠΎΠ³ΡΡΡΡ, Π±ΡΡΠ½Π·Ρ, ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΠ³, ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΒ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΈ, Π°Β ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΡΠΏΒ Β«ΠΠΈΡΠΎΒ».
ΠΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ
ΠΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ, Π²Β ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΒ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², Π½Π΅Β Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π½Π΅, Π°Β ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ. ΠΡΠΎΒ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ±ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ Π΄Π»ΡΒ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΡΡ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ. ΠΒ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΒ ΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π²Π°ΡΡ pH, Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π΄Π»ΡΒ Β«Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ Β» ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ².
ΠΒ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ Π°ΡΠΈΠ΄Ρ.
ΠΒ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΒ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΒ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ½ΡΠ»ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΒ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΒ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ.
ΠΡΠΈΒ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ ΡΒ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ, ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ, Π²Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π΅ Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ, Π°Β Π·Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ. ΠΒ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Π² ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΒ β ΡΠΈΠ½Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΒ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Ρ ΠΈΒ ΠΏΡΠ΅-ΠΈΒ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈΠ·Β ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡΒ β Β«ΠΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΊΒ».
Π’Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈ Π²Β ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ±Π°Π»Π°Π½ΡΠ° ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°. ΠΒ Π΅Π³ΠΎ, ΠΊΒ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Ρ, ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π²ΡΠ·Π²Π°ΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ, Π°Β ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠΠ’, ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈΒ Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ.
ΠΒ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠΊΡΡ, ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΈΒ Π·Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΡΠ±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΈ, Π±Π°Π½Π°Π½Ρ, ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ, Π·Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈ, ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΡ, Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΈ, Π±ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅, ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ, Π½Π΅ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ.
π Π§Π΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²
ΠΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ β ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΈΠ· Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°. ΠΠΈΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π»Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π΄ΡΠΎΠΆΠΆΠ΅Π²ΡΠ΅ Π³ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΊΠΈ.
ΠΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ β ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅, Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ³Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅, Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°, ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΎΡΡ, ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅.
Π ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ? Π Π°Π·Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅.
ΠΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²
Π ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ β ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΎΡ ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠΎΡ ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ, Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ Π΄ΡΡΠ³Π° Π² ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ. Π ΡΠ΅, ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΅Π΅ ΠΊ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ² ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ° ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠ° ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½Π΅Π΅ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ.
ΠΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅ β ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ. Π‘ΠΈΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠΎΠ· ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°, ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π² ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ.
ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ β ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ β Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°, ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ. ΠΠ°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ·-Π·Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΡΠΊΠ²Ρ ΠΈ ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΉ β ΠΈ ΡΠΎ, ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ°, ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°.
ΠΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎ
ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°
Π§Π΅ΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², ΡΠΆΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎ ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ. ΠΠΎ Π² ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·Π° ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ?
ΠΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅:
— ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ°ΡΡ Ρ ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ;
— ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ·Π°;
— ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ;
— ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ;
— Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ;
— Π»Π΅ΡΠ°Ρ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ· ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π° ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ;
— ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΡ;
— ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ°ΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΊ;
— ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π²ΡΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ, Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ Π, Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠ½;
— ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ Π² ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅;
— ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°;
— ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ Π²Π·Π΄ΡΡΠΈΠ΅, ΡΡΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΡ, ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌ;
— ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°;
— ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ Π₯Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΠΈ, ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π³Π°ΡΡΡΠΈΡ, ΡΠ·Π²Ρ Π² Ρ ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Ρ ;
— ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°.
ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ:
— ΡΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΎΡΡ;
— ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΊΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°;
— Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ;
— ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½Ρ Π, Π;
— ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡ Ρ ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ², Π»ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠΌΠΎΠ½Π΅Π»Π»Ρ Π² ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅;
— ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ;
— ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡ Π½ΡΠΆΠ½ΡΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΡΡ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ pH;
— ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌ;
— ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ;
— ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΊΠΎΠ², ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΊΠΊΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅;
— ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠ΅, Π±ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΌ, Π»Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΌ, ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅.
ΠΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π½Π΅ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π°, ΡΡΠΎ β ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ°, Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π° ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΡΡ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅, Π΄Π»Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ², Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΎ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ.
ΠΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈ, Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π±ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ°ΡΡΡΡ, Π±ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°. ΠΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡ.
ΠΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ, Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²
ΠΠΈΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²
Π§ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅
ΠΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½Ρ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ². ΠΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°, Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ Π5.
ΠΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½Ρ, Π³Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Ρ.
ΠΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ. Π‘ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ·Ρ, Π³Π»ΡΠΊΠΎΠ·Ρ, Π³Π°Π»Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ·Ρ. ΠΠ½ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½, Π³Π»ΡΠΊΠ°Π½Ρ, ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ Π°ΡΠΈΠ΄Ρ.
ΠΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ. ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Π±ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ.
ΠΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ — ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²ΠΎΠΊ β Π² Π±ΠΈΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ΅, ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅, ΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Π°Π΄Π΅. ΠΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΌ.
ΠΠΈΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²
ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ.
ΠΠΎΠΊΠΊΠΈ.
ΠΡΠΈΠ±Ρ, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π²ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅.
ΠΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅, Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ.
ΠΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ Π½Π° ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΊ, ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ.
ΠΡΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠΈΠ½Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠΈΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ
ΠΡΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ β Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ². Π Π°Π½ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΊ Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°. ΠΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΌΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅. Π Π°Π½ΡΡΠ΅ Π² Π‘Π‘Π‘Π Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ, Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Π·Π° Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ΄ Π²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π» Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½, ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΉ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ±Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ.
Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ β Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π°, ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π·Ρ, Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎ. Π ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΡΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΡΠ°Π·Ρ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡΡ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π° Π΄Π»Ρ Π½ΠΈΡ , ΡΡΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ.
Π‘ΠΈΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ β Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π°, Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΎΠ² Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ. ΠΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΡΡΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π° Π±ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Ρ Π»Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ.
ΠΠ΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ
ΠΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ
ΠΠΈΡΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΌΠ±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½, ΠΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ±ΡΠΈΠ», ΠΡΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠΆΠ΅ΡΡ, ΠΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΊ, ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ, Π Π΅Π³ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½, ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½, ΠΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½, ΠΠΈΠΎΠ±Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ½.
Π‘ΠΈΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ
ΠΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ», ΠΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ», ΠΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΊΡ, ΠΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ», ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½, ΠΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π°ΠΊ, Π‘ΠΈΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠΎΠ»Π°ΠΊΡ, ΠΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΌ, ΠΠΈΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π³, Π’ΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΊΡ, ΠΠΈΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ½.
Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ
ΠΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ±Π°ΠΊΡ, ΠΡΠ±ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡ, ΠΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΊ, ΠΠ°Π»ΡΡΠΈΡ, ΠΠΈΡΠΈΠ»Π°Ρ, ΠΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΊ, ΠΠΈΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·, Π‘Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΡ, ΠΠΈΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΄, ΠΠΈΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡ.
ΠΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡ
ΠΠΊΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡ, ΠΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ» ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅, ΠΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΎΡ.
ΠΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ
ΠΡΡΠ°Π»Π°ΠΊ, ΠΠ½ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½, ΠΡΠ΅Π»Π°ΠΊΡ, ΠΡΠ±ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡ, ΠΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠΌ, ΠΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π·Π΅, ΠΡΠ΄Π»Π°ΠΊ, ΠΡΠ΅Π»Π°ΠΊΡ, ΠΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»Π°ΠΊ, Π‘ΡΠΈΠΌΠ±ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΄.
ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ
ΠΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΈ-ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π° Π² Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π΅Π΄Ρ. Π‘ΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ° Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ β Π΄ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π·Π½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½Ρ Π² Ρ ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΈ, Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΈ-ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π° Π·Π° 20-60 ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ° β Π΄Π²Π΅-ΡΡΠΈ Π½Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ.
Π ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΡΡ :
— ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΈ;
— ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π₯Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΠΈ;
— ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ;
— ΠΠ ΠΠ, Π³ΡΠΈΠΏΠΏ;
— ΠΆΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ;
— Π°Π»Π»Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΈ;
— ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ;
— Π·Π°ΠΏΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ;
— Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°;
— ΡΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°.
ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Ρ Π²Π°Ρ Π΅ΡΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈ, Π²Π°ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ.
ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²Ρ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΎ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½.
ΠΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π±Π°Π»Π°Π½Ρ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°. ΠΠΎΠ΄ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ·Π° (Π΄ΠΈΡΠ±ΠΈΠΎΠ·Π°), ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ Π½Π΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°. ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ, Π² ΡΡΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ Ρ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°.
Π§ΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ
ΠΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ-Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ. ΠΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ³Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°. ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠΌ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠΎ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°, ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±Π°Π»Π°Π½ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ.
ΠΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΈ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΌΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ. Π‘ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ ΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ½ΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½. ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ° Ρ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠΉ, ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ. Π ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ, ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ 9:1. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΊΠΎ, Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈ Π³ΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ° ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Ρ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ±ΠΈΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ² ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ·Π° Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ Π»Π΅ΡΠΈΡΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π°, ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ.
Π Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π²Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΡ:
- ΠΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ Π°ΡΠΈΠ΄Ρ (ΡΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ·Π°, ΠΊΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΠ·Π°).
- ΠΠ»ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ Π°ΡΠΈΠ΄Ρ (ΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ Π°ΡΠΈΠ΄Ρ, ΡΠΎΠ΅Π²ΡΠΉ ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ Π°ΡΠΈΠ΄, Π³Π°Π»Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ Π°ΡΠΈΠ΄Ρ).
- ΠΠΈΡΠ°Ρ Π°ΡΠΈΠ΄Ρ (Π»Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ·Π°).
- ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Ρ Π°ΡΠΈΠ΄Ρ (Π³Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π»ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ·Π°, ΡΠ΅Π»Π»ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ·Π°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ, Π΄Π΅ΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠ½, ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈ). ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΡ.
Π§ΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ
ΠΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ, ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°, ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΡ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ². Π‘ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°Π΅Ρ Π»Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ·Π°. ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π²ΡΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ, ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΡΠ΅ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°, ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΡ. Π ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Ρ Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ:
- ΠΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΡ.
- ΠΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΊ.
- ΠΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ»Π°ΠΊΡ.
- ΠΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡΠΌ.
- ΠΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ΅Π½.
- ΠΠΈΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠ½-Π»Π°ΠΊΡΠΎ.
- ΠΠΈΡΠΈΠ»Π°Ρ.
Π Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π±ΡΠ» ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠ½Π³ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ±ΠΈΠΎΠ·Π΅ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ Π΄Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΌΠ° Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ². Π‘ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²:
- ΠΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎ-ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠΌ.
- ΠΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½.
- ΠΠΈΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠ½ Π»Π°ΠΊΡΠΎ.
- ΠΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΌ.
- ΠΠ°ΠΊ-ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅.
- ΠΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ».
- ΠΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡ-Π‘.
- ΠΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΊ.
- ΠΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΊΡ Π€ΠΎΡΡΠ΅.
- ΠΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΈΠ½.
- Π‘ΡΠΈΠΌΠ±ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΄.
- *Π‘ΡΠΈΠΌΠ±ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΄ ΠΠ»ΡΡ.
ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ, Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ±Π°Π»Π°Π½ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ. Π ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠ° Π‘ΡΠΈΠΌΠ±ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΄ ΠΠ»ΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ Π·Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΡΡΠΎΠΊ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π²Π°Π» Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π±ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΌ ΠΈ Π»Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ±Π°Π»Π°Π½ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ².
ΠΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ, ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ², ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°. ΠΠ»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Ρ Π‘ΡΠΈΠΌΠ±ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΄ ΠΠ»ΡΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΎΠΌ Π² ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡΡ Ρ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎ-Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊ Π‘ΡΠΈΠΌΠ±ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΄ ΠΠ»ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ:
- ΠΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°.
- ΠΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΆΠ°Π΅Ρ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ Helicobacter pylory. ΠΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊ Π‘ΡΠΈΠΌΠ±ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΄ ΠΠ»ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ², ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π³Π°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ·Π²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ°. ΠΠ΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π² ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° Π² ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ΅. ΠΠΎΠ»Π½Π°Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°Π»Π°ΡΡ Ρ 100% ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΌ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ².
Π‘ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π² ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠ° Π‘ΡΠΈΠΌΠ±ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΄ ΠΠ»ΡΡ
Π£Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ Π±ΠΎΡΡΠ±Ρ Ρ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π³Π°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Helicobacter pylory ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ Π΄Π²ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π². ΠΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² (ΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Ρ Π°ΡΠΈΠ΄Ρ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ Π°ΡΠΈΠ΄Ρ), ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΡΠΊΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ±ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ Π±ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ, Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅, Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π² ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π²Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊ β Π»Π°ΠΊΡΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΡΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠΎ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΡΡ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ Π² ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ².
ΠΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ, Π‘ΡΠΈΠΌΠ±ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΄ ΠΠ»ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ:
- Π‘ΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠ²Π°ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ².
- Π£ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅.
- Π‘Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ°Π΅Ρ Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°.
- Π£ΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅.
- ΠΠ»Π°Π³ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅ΡΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ.
- ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ·Π°.
- Π‘ΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°.
Π‘ΡΠΈΠΌΠ±ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΄ ΠΠ»ΡΡ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ². Π£Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π² ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°, ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π° Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ².
/ ΠΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΡ Π‘ΡΠΈΠΌΠ±ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΄
ΠΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ :
28.01.2019
ΠΠ°Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠ°…ΠΠ° ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡ ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΈ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ·Π°. Π ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ Π°Π±ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°.
Π§Π΅ΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ?
ΠΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΡ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ. Π Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡ Π±ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎ- ΠΈ Π»Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΊΠΊΠΎΠ², ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΊΠΊΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΡΡ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΠΎΠΆΠΆΠ΅Π²ΡΡ Π³ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ² ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ.
ΠΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ°Ρ , ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅, ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°Ρ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΎΠ΅Π²ΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ². Π’Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΡΠ°Π±Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠΏΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π²ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΡΠ΅ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΡ, ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π° Ρ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°, ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ΅Π½ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ², ΡΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ.
ΠΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅. ΠΠ° ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½Ρ Π±Π΅ΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠΊΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π²Π°ΡΡ Π² Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΡ. Π ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ, ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ, ΡΠ°Ρ Π°ΡΠΈΠ΄Ρ ΠΈ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΡΡ: ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½, ΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ½, Π»Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ·Π° ΠΈ Π»Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ·Π°, ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ½Π°.
ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΡΡΡ Π² ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ°Ρ , Π·Π»Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ°Ρ , ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠΊΡΠ°Ρ . ΠΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π°, Π»Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ·Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π²ΡΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎ-ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡ. Π ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ, ΡΡΠΎ Π²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Ρ Π·Π° ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΆΠ΅ Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ².
Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΡ ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, Π° Π²ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ β Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°.
Π ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ?
ΠΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½Π½ΡΡ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ², ΠΠ ΠΠ ΠΈ Π³ΡΠΈΠΏΠΏΠ°, Π΄ΠΈΡΠ±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ·Π°, ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π·ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎ- ΠΈ Π»Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ, Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ° Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ.
ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²-ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ΅. Π ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅Π²ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ² Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π° Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΊΠΎ. Π§Π°ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Ρ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΈ, Π·Π°ΠΏΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ. Π Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ»Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ Π°Π»Π»Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ.
ΠΠ°Π·Π°Π΄ ΠΊ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠΊΡ 90000 What are the key differences & health benefits 90001 90002 While PREBIOTICS and PROBIOTICS sound similar, these supplements are very different and have different roles in the digestive system (or gut). 90003 90004 90005 90006 PREBIOTIC FIBER 90007 is a 90006 90009 non-digestible part of foods 90010 90007 like bananas, onions and garlic, Jerusalem artichoke, the skin of apples, chicory root, beans, and many others. Prebiotic fiber goes through the small intestine undigested and is fermented when it reaches the large colon.90012 90013 90002 This fermentation process feeds beneficial bacteria colonies (including probiotic bacteria) and helps to increase the number of desirable bacteria in our digestive systems (also called the gut) that are associated with better health and reduced disease risk. 90003 90004 90005 90006 PROBIOTICS 90007 are 90006 90009 live beneficial bacteria 90010 90007 that are naturally created by the process of fermentation in foods like yogurt, sauerkraut, miso soup, kimchi, and others.90012 90013 90002 Probiotics are also available in pill form and as an added ingredient in products like yogurt and health drinks. 90003 Kefir, a milk drink that has been fermented using kefir grains, is an especially potent source of probiotics. According to Jeannette Hyde, a nutritional therapist, and high-profile advocate for kefir, «it contains lactobacilli and bifidobacteria in high doses, and also helps diversity too — more than 50 different types of bacteria can 90002 be found in kefir.When you drink kefir (it has the consistency of a drinking yoghurt), these bacteria travel through the digestive tract to colonise the colon. » 90003 90002 While many types of bacteria are classified as probiotics, most come from two groups: 90009 [Laurence 2018] 90010 90003 90004 90005 90006 Lactobacillus — 90007 the most common probiotic found in yogurt and other fermented foods. Can help with diarrhea and may help with people who can not digest milk sugar (lactose). 90012 90005 90006 Bifidobacterium 90007 — also found in some dairy products.May ease symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and related conditions. Naturally present in the large intestine, bifidobacteria fight harmful bacteria in the intestines, prevent constipation and give the immune system a boost. Furthermore, evidence indicates that bifidobacteria help reduce intestinal concentrations of certain carcinogenic enzymes. 90012 90013 90002 90045 90003 90002 90006 90009 A helpful metaphor to understand the difference between a prebiotic and a probiotic may be a garden.You can add seeds-the probiotic bacteria-while the prebiotic fiber is the water and fertilizer that helps the seeds to grow and flourish. See below 90010 90007 90006 90009 90010 90007 90006 90009 for a video description of the difference between probiotics and prebiotics presented by gastroenterologist, Dr. Frank W. Jackson. 90010 90007 90003 90002 90062 90063 90003 90065 90002 Both probiotics and prebiotics have been added to some commercial infant formula and child food products to improve intestinal health.90009 [Thomas 2010] 90010 90003 90070 90071 Benefits of PROBIOTICS 90072 90002 The beneficial effects of probiotics have been widely demonstrated. 90009 [Toscana 2016] 90010 Health professionals often recommend 90006 90009 probiotics 90010 90007 in supplement form to patients on antibiotics in an attempt to repopulate the colon with desirable bacteria after the course of antibiotics has wiped out both beneficial and undesirable bacteria. 90009 [Hyman 2016] 90010 90003 90002 Some find taking probiotics can combat gastrointestinal side effects of the medication and reduce the bacterial growth leading to yeast infections.90003 90002 Since each body is different, it is necessary to determine which probiotics will be helpful to one’s own system. 90009 [Laurence 2018] 90010 In addition, it is important to make sure the bacteria in probiotic supplements are alive. Probiotic bacteria are fragile and can easily be killed by stomach acid, time, and heat. 90003 90065 90002 «The biggest influence you can have on the state of your gut lining, and a healthy microbiome, is your diet-which 90009 you 90010 control.» — 90009 Jeannette Hyde, Nutritional Therapist BSc.90010, a leading nutritional therapist, regular BBC commentator, and author of 90006 90009 The Gut Makeover 90010 90007 and 90006 90009 The Gut Makeover Recipe Book 90010 90007 90006 90009. 90010 90007 90003 90070 90071 Benefits of PREBIOTICS 90072 90002 Researchers have found that 90006 90009 prebiotics 90010 90007 are helpful in increasing the helpful bacteria already in the gut that reduce disease risk and improve general well being. 90009 [Florowska 2016] 90010 Prebiotic fiber is not as fragile as probiotic bacteria because it is not affected by heat, stomach acid, or time.Nor does the fermentation process differ depending on the individual. 90003 90002 Scientific literature indicates that increasing prebiotic fiber intake supports immunity, digestive health, bone density, regularity, weight management, and brain health. 90003 90071 Which foods help me to boost PREBIOTICS and PROBIOTICS in my diet? 90072 90002 As discussed earlier, fermented foods like sauerkraut, kefir, and yogurt are rich sources of probiotic bacteria that go directly to populate the colon.90003 90002 By boosting your total daily fiber consumption, you will also boost the prebiotic fiber you ingest to feed probiotic and other desirable strains of bacteria in the gut for improved health and well being. 90009 [Pandey 2015] 90010 90003 90002 Many high fiber foods are also high in prebiotic fiber. The following chart includes a sample of foods high in total fiber-and prebiotic fiber. 90003 90131 90006 Foods Rich in Prebiotic Fiber: 90007 90134 90002 90006 90009 Information from 90010 90007 90006 90009 https: // www.healthline.com/nutrition/19-best-prebiotic-foods#section11 90142 90010 90007 90145 90006 Images from 90007 90006 http://www.freeimages.co.uk 90007 90150 90003 90131 90006 Why take supplements when we can eat fiber-rich and fermented foods? 90007 90134 90002 It is clearly vital to nourish a healthy bacterial mix in the colon. We can start with a foundation of healthy eating, focusing on fresh, organic vegetables and fruits, while avoiding processed food products and sugary foods and drinks.90003 90002 However, it is sometimes difficult with a typical modern diet that includes processed foods and high amounts of sugar and synthetic ingredients to eat enough fermented foods and foods high in fiber. Therefore, adding supplements may be a healthy addition to one’s diet. 90009 [Verspreet 2016] [Kechagia 2013] 90010 90003 90002 Research has determined that the best of the prebiotic supplements include the two types of fiber derived from the chicory root, inulin and oligofructose (not a sugar), a subset of inulin.90006 Prebiotin β’ Prebiotic Fiber 90007 includes oligofructose-enriched inulin (OEI) naturally derived from the chicory root. It is a full-spectrum prebiotic fiber that nourishes bacteria on 90009 both 90010 sides of the colon and inhibits the growth of undesirable microbiota. 90003 90065 90002 90006 Suggested Fiber Amounts * 90007 90003 90004 90005 Dietary fiber: 90006 25-38g 90007 90012 90005 Prebiotic fiber: 90006 5g-20g 90007 90012 90013 90002 90006 90009 * From the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotic 90010 90007 90003 90002 90006 Average amounts of total dietary fiber actually consumed daily: 90007 90006 15-18 grams per day 90007 90003 90002 90006 90009 (according to USDA statistics: https: // www.ars.usda.gov/) 90010 90007 90003 90070 90071 Comparing PROBIOTICS and PREBIOTICS 90072 90002 Supplementing with both probiotics and prebiotics can be helpful, but it is important to understand that probiotics, especially as supplements, are fragile. 90006 90009 Probiotic bacteria in supplements are only effective if they are alive. 90010 90007 They can be killed by heat, stomach acid, or simply die with time. 90003 90002 In addition, since hundreds of types of probiotics are available, it is hard to determine which strains are beneficial for our unique systems.90003 90002 90006 Prebiotin β’ Prebiotic Fiber 90007 has the advantage of 90006 90009 not 90010 90007 being affected by heat, digestive juices, or time. Prebiotin nourishes the beneficial bacteria already in the gut and inhibits the growth of undesirable microbes. 90003 90002 This impact is universal and is not determined by the body’s unique requirements. Prebiotin fiber (in white powder form) can easily be sprinkled on foods and dissolved in drinks. 90003 90131 The following chart compares prebiotics and probiotics.90134 90224 90225 90226 90227 90228 90229 PREBIOTIC VS PROBIOTIC 90230 90003 90232 90233 90234 90235 90228 90229 PREBIOTICS 90230 90003 90232 90235 90228 90229 PROBIOTICS 90230 90003 90232 90233 90234 90235 PREBIOTICS are a special form of dietary fiber that acts as a fertilizer for the good bacteria in your gut. 90232 90235 PROBIOTICS are live bacteria that can be found in yogurt and other fermented foods. There are hundreds of probiotic species available. Which of these species are best for the average healthy person is still unknown.90232 90233 90234 90235 PREBIOTIC powders are not affected by heat, cold, acid, or time. 90232 90235 PROBIOTIC bacteria must be kept alive to be active. They may be killed by heat, stomach acid, or simply die with time. 90232 90233 90234 90235 PREBIOTICS nourish the good bacteria that everyone already has in their gut. 90232 90235 PROBIOTICS must compete with the over 1000 bacteria species already in the gut. 90232 90233 90234 90235 Research has determined that supplementing with an oligofructose enriched inulin-based (OEI) PREBIOTIC fiber can be helpful with a wide range of conditions and disorders, including digestive disorders, obesity, and bone loss.90232 90235 Certain PROBIOTIC species have been shown to be helpful for childhood diarrhea, irritable bowel disease, and for recurrence of certain bowel infections such as C. difficile. 90232 90233 90272 90273 90002 90006 Order 90007 90006 Prebiotin β’ Prebiotic Fiber 90007 90006 here. 90007 90003 90071 When is the best time to take Prebiotics and Probiotics? 90072 90002 The best time to take prebiotics and probiotics is regularly. Both can be taken at the same time, daily. We recommend taking them at the same time each day in order to establish a healthy routine.Your gut microbiome will be grateful! 90003 90002 90006 First published on April 22, 2014 and edited with updated content and references on March 15, 2018. 90007 90003 90002 90006 References: 90007 90003 90002 Florowska A, K Krygier, T Florowski, and E DΕuΕΌewska. 2016. «Prebiotics as functional food ingredients preventing diet-related diseases.» 90009 Food & function 90010 7 (5): 2147-55. 90003 90002 Hyman, Mark MD. 2016. «Do Probiotics Really Work?» blog: http://drhyman.com/blog/2016/09/08/do-probiotics-really-work/ 90003 90002 Kechagia, Maria Kechagia, Dimitrios Basoulis, Stavroula Konstantopoulou, Dimitra Dimitriadi, Konstantina Gyftopoulou, Nikoletta Skarmoutsou, and Eleni Maria Fakiri.2013. «Health Benefits of Probiotics: A Review.» ISRN Nutr. 481651. Published online 2013 Jan 2. doi: 10.5402 / 2013/481651 90003 90002 Laurence, Emily. 2018. «Which probiotic is right for you? These are the exact bacteria strains to look for. » 90009 Well + Good 90010. February 13, 2018. https://www.wellandgood.com/good-advice/probiotic-bacteria-strains/ 90003 90002 Pandey, Kavita R, Suresh R. Naik, and Babu V. Vakil. 2015. «Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics- a review.» 90009 Journal of Food Science and Technology.90010 Dec; 52 (12): 7577-7587. Published online 2015 Jul 22. doi: 10.1007 / s13197-015-1921-1 PMCID: PMC4648921 90003 90002 Thomas, DW, and F Greer. 2010. «Probiotics and prebiotics in pediatrics.» 90009 Pediatrics 90010 Dec 1; 126 (6): 1217-31. 90003 90002 Toscano M, R De Grandi, L Pastorelli, M Vecchi, L Drago. 2017. «A consumer’s guide for probiotics: 10 golden rules for a correct use.» 90009 Digestive and Liver Disease 90010 49 (November): 1177-1184. doi: 10.1016 / j.dld.2017.07.011. Epub 2017 Aug 1.90003 90002 Verspreet J, B Damen, WF Broekaert, K ββVerbeke, JA Delcour, CM Courtin. 2016. «A critical look at prebiotics within the dietary fiber concept.» 90009 Annual review of food science and technology 90010 Feb 28 (7): 167-90. 90003.90000 Probiotics and Prebiotics: What’s the Difference? 90001 90002 Probiotics and prebiotics are both pretty big topics in nutrition these days. 90003 90002 Yet even though they sound similar, the two play different roles for your health. 90003 90002 Pr 90007 o 90008 biotics are beneficial bacteria, while pr 90007 e 90008 biotics are food for these bacteria. 90003 90002 This article explains what you need to know about the two. 90003 90002 Both prebiotics and probiotics are important for human health.However, they play different roles: 90003 90016 90017 90007 Probiotics: 90008 These are live bacteria found in certain foods or supplements. They can provide numerous health benefits. 90020 90017 90007 Prebiotics: 90008 These substances come from types of carbs (mostly fiber) that humans can not digest. The beneficial bacteria in your gut eat this fiber. 90020 90025 90002 The gut bacteria, collectively referred to as the gut flora or gut microbiota, perform many important functions in the body.90003 90002 Eating balanced amounts of both pro- and prebiotics can help ensure that you have the right balance of these bacteria, which should improve your health. 90003 90030 90007 Bottom Line: 90008 Probiotics are beneficial bacteria found in certain foods or supplements. Prebiotics are types of fiber that feed the friendly bacteria in the digestive system. 90033 90002 The good bacteria in your digestive tract help protect you from harmful bacteria and fungi. 90003 90002 They also send signals to your immune system and help regulate inflammation (1, 2).90003 90002 Additionally, some of your gut bacteria form vitamin K and short-chain fatty acids. 90003 90002 Short-chain fatty acids are the main nutrient source of the cells lining the colon. They promote a strong gut barrier that helps keep out harmful substances, viruses and bacteria. This also reduces inflammation, and may reduce the risk of cancer (3). 90003 90030 90007 Bottom Line: 90008 The gut bacteria help with a variety of biological tasks. They also provide important nutrition to the cells lining your digestive tract.90033 90002 The food you eat plays an important role in the balance of good and bad gut bacteria. 90003 90002 For example, a high-sugar and high-fat diet influences the gut bacteria negatively, allowing harmful species to overgrow (4, 5, 6). 90003 90002 Once you regularly feed the wrong bacteria, they are able to grow faster and colonize more easily, without as many helpful bacteria to prevent them from doing so (7, 8). 90003 90002 The harmful bacteria may also cause you to absorb more calories than people with a healthy balance of gut bacteria, who tend to be leaner (9).90003 90002 Additionally, foods treated with pesticides like Roundup may have negative effects on the gut bacteria. However, more human research is needed on this (10, 11, 12). 90003 90002 Studies have also shown that antibiotics can cause permanent changes in certain types of bacteria, especially when taken during childhood and adolescence. 90003 90002 Because antibiotic use is so widespread, researchers are now studying how this may cause health problems in people later in life (13, 14). 90003 90030 90007 Bottom Line: 90008 Gut bacteria are affected by the foods you eat.Chemical residues and antibiotics may also disrupt balance in the gut bacteria. 90033 90002 Before you go out and buy expensive prebiotic supplements, remember that many foods naturally contain them. 90003 90002 That’s because prebiotics are types of fiber found in vegetables, fruits and legumes. 90003 90002 These types of fiber are not digestible by humans, but your good gut bacteria can digest them. 90003 90002 Foods that are high in prebiotic fiber include: 90003 90016 90017 Legumes, beans and peas.90020 90017 Oats. 90020 90017 Bananas. 90020 90017 Berries. 90020 90017 Jerusalem artichokes (not the same as regular artichokes). 90020 90017 Asparagus. 90020 90017 Dandelion greens. 90020 90017 Garlic. 90020 90017 Leeks. 90020 90017 Onions. 90020 90025 90002 One of the things your good gut bacteria do with prebiotic fiber is turn it into a short-chain fatty acid called butyrate. 90003 90002 Butyrate has been extensively studied, and has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects inside the colon (15).90003 90002 It may also influence gene expression, block the growth of cancerous cells and help provide fuel to healthy cells so that they can grow and divide normally. 90003 90030 90007 Bottom Line: 90008 Prebiotics are types of fiber that humans can not digest, but your gut bacteria can. These types of fiber provide nutrients to the bacteria that support healthy digestion and immune function. 90033 90002 There are also many probiotic foods that naturally contain helpful bacteria, such as yogurt.90003 90002 A high-quality, plain yogurt with live cultures can be a fantastic addition to your diet if you want to add beneficial bacteria. 90003 90002 Fermented foods are another great option, as they contain beneficial bacteria that thrive on the naturally occurring sugar or fiber in the food. 90003 90002 Examples of fermented foods include: 90003 90016 90017 Sauerkraut. 90020 90017 Kimchi. 90020 90017 Kombucha tea. 90020 90017 Kefir (dairy and non-dairy). 90020 90017 Some types of pickles (non-pasteurized).90020 90017 Other pickled vegetables (non-pasteurized). 90020 90025 90002 If you are going to eat fermented foods for their probiotic benefits, make sure they are not pasteurized, as this process kills the bacteria. 90003 90002 Some of those foods can also be considered synbiotic, because they contain 90007 both 90008 beneficial bacteria and a prebiotic source of fiber for the bacteria to feed on. 90003 90002 One example of a synbiotic food is sauerkraut. 90003 90030 90007 Bottom Line: 90008 Probiotic foods naturally contain helpful bacteria.Many of these foods can be made at home or purchased at a grocery store. 90033 90002 Probiotic supplements are pills, capsules or liquids that contain live beneficial bacteria. 90003 90002 They are very popular and easy to find, yet not all of them are worth your money. They do not all have the same types of bacteria, or the same concentrations. 90003 90002 They also usually do not come with fibrous food sources for the bacteria to eat. 90003 90002 Some probiotic supplements are designed to carry the bacteria all the way to your large intestine for better effects, while others probably do not make it past your stomach acid.90003 90002 There are some individuals who should not take a probiotic, or who may experience worsened symptoms if they do, such as people with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) or people sensitive to ingredients in the supplement. 90003 90002 However, the right strains of probiotics can be incredibly beneficial for some people. 90003 90002 As with all supplements, you may want to consult with a healthcare professional who is knowledgeable about probiotics. 90003 90030 90007 Bottom Line: 90008 Probiotic supplements are designed to deliver very specific species of bacteria to the human gut.However, not all probiotic supplements are of the same quality or contain the same quantity of bacteria. 90033 90002 Keeping your gut bacteria balanced is important for many aspects of health. 90003 90002 To do this, eat plenty of prebiotic and probiotic foods, as they will help promote the most ideal balance between good and bad gut bacteria. 90003 90002 At the end of the day, optimizing your gut flora may have major benefits for your health. 90003.90000 Can You Take Them Together? 90001 90002 Probiotics are bacteria that live in your body naturally and help your intestines break down food. Probiotics that are the same or very similar to the ones that your body makes can be taken to supplement healthy digestion. In recent years, a new class of supplements called prebiotics has been advertised as a companion to a probiotic regimen. 90003 90002 Prebiotics are made up of carbohydrates that your body can not digest. They exist as food for the probiotic bacteria that you’re putting into your body.The use of prebiotics and probiotics together is called microbiome therapy. You do not need to take a prebiotic for probiotics to work, but taking them might make your probiotics more effective. 90003 90002 Prebiotics do not actually contain bacteria. They are fuel to help bacteria grow. All prebiotics are a type of dietary fiber. The fiber inulin, which is found in chicory root, bananas, and asparagus, is a prebiotic that can be used as food for gut bacteria. Onions, garlic, artichokes, and legumes are also prebiotic sources.90003 90002 When a food source contains both prebiotics and probiotics, the combination is called a synbiotic. Foods that are synbiotics include cheese, kefir, and certain types of yogurt. Prebiotics can also be purchased as a commercial food additive or capsule supplement. They come in both liquid and powdered forms. 90003 90002 Prebiotics by themselves have not been found to be of much use. Recently, prebiotics added to infant formula were found to make the formula more closely resemble the health content of breastmilk.It’s only when used in conjunction that probiotics and prebiotics seem to have an effect. 90003 90002 When people talk about probiotic bacteria, they’re generally referring to two families of bacteria. Strains of 90013 Lactobacillus 90014 and 90013 Bifidobacterium 90014 are both associated with probiotic formulas. Many slightly fermented food products contain natural probiotics. Examples include sauerkraut, kimchi, and yogurt. Pickles are also a source of natural probiotics. Probiotics can be purchased as a food-grade health supplement.They come in a powder or liquid form. Probiotics usually need to be stored in the refrigerator to keep the bacteria contained in them alive and ready to reproduce. 90003 90002 In 2012 a study revealed that almost 4 million adults used probiotics for health. There is still more research needed to definitively identify the benefits of supplementing gut bacteria. However, research suggests that probiotics offer significant health benefits. 90003 90002 Some research indicates that prebiotics and probiotics are effective for treating diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome, allergic disorders, and even the common cold.Prebiotics and probiotics have been suggested as treatments for obesity. They are being explored as a way to prevent the spread of cancer. Promising research has shown probiotics to be an effective treatment for inflammatory arthritis. 90003 90002 The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) point out that the use of commercial prebiotics and probiotics is generally safe for healthy people. But there are rare instances where a healthy person becomes sick after ingesting certain types of bacteria contained in probiotics.Probiotics are not regulated according to «drug» standards by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This means that some of the live bacteria being used in probiotics has not been evaluated according to strict safety measures. That’s something important to keep in mind when considering prebiotics and probiotics. 90003 90002 When you start a synbiotic regimen, there are some common side effects. Gas, constipation, loose stool, and loss of appetite sometimes happen, especially at the beginning of the regimen.Bloating and acid reflux have also been reported. 90003 90002 There is one side effect of probiotics that is known to be dangerous: having an allergic reaction to the bacteria that are being added to your body. If you break out in hives or experience extreme stomach pain after ingesting a prebiotic or probiotic, stop taking the supplement. Contact a doctor to determine if you’re having a reaction. 90003 90002 Sometimes probiotics are recommended for children that are taking antibiotics. But you should talk to your child’s doctor before you give probiotics to a child under the age of 12.Probiotics and prebiotics are also believed to be generally safe during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Get the all-clear from your doctor before beginning any new supplement during pregnancy and postpartum. 90003 90002 Every probiotic is different because of the variations in bacteria strains. Not all probiotics will work the same way for you, and not everyone needs to take a probiotic. If you are lactose intolerant, make sure you look for a dairy-free probiotic. If you have a yeast (90013 Candida 90014) overgrowth, you may want to be mindful of this and select a probiotic that does not contain 90013 Candida 90014.90003 90002 People that are currently on antibiotic medication seem to benefit the most from a prebiotic and probiotic combination. The synbiotic effect helps combat the healthy bacteria that are being killed off while you take antibiotics. 90003.90000 Prebiotic vs. probiotic: Differences, benefits, and foods 90001 90002 Prebiotics are a type of fiber that the human body can not digest. They serve as food for probiotics, which are tiny living microorganisms, including bacteria and yeast. Both prebiotics and probiotics may support helpful bacteria and other organisms in the gut. 90003 90002 For more research-backed information about the microbiome and how it affects your health, please visit our dedicated hub. 90003 90002 Prebiotics and probiotics both support the body in building and maintaining a healthy colony of bacteria and other microorganisms, which supports the gut and aids digestion.90003 90002 These food components help promote beneficial bacteria by providing food and creating an environment where microorganisms can flourish. 90003 90002 Prebiotics are present in fiber-rich foods, such as fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Probiotics occur in many fermented foods, including yogurt, sauerkraut, and tempeh. 90003 90002 Research on the effects of probiotics is inconclusive, but it suggests that they may be beneficial in the following areas: 90003 90002 90015 Digestive health 90016 90003 90002 Numerous studies have found that probiotics may improve digestive health in some people.90003 90002 A 2017 Cochrane review found that taking probiotics while using antibiotics reduced the risk of antibiotic-related diarrhea by 60 percent. 90003 90002 A 2014 analysis of 24 trials found that probiotics could help prevent the life-threatening disease necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants. 90003 90002 90015 Mental health 90016 90003 90002 A smaller body of research suggests that probiotics may improve mental health. 90003 90002 A 2017 review found that probiotics may alleviate the symptoms of depression, but the authors note that additional studies are necessary to confirm this.90003 90002 It is possible that probiotics have this effect because there is a link between gut and brain health. 90003 90002 90015 Gastrointestinal health 90016 90003 90002 The results of studies generally suggest that people with disorders affecting the stomach and intestines may see improvements with probiotics. 90003 90002 For example, a systematic review of trials in people with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) found that probiotics seem to improve the symptoms of this condition. However, the authors caution that it is unclear how significant the benefit may be or which strain of probiotic is most effective.90003 90002 90015 General health 90016 90003 90002 The authors of a 2017 review of 17 Cochrane reviews considered the evidence supporting the potential benefits of probiotics. 90003 90002 They found that probiotics may decrease: 90003 90050 90051 the need for antibiotics 90052 90051 school absences from colds 90052 90051 the incidence of ventilator-assisted pneumonia 90052 90051 gestational diabetes 90052 90051 vaginal infections, such as yeast infections 90052 90051 eczema 90052 90063 90002 However, the review did not find high-quality evidence that probiotics can prevent illness, and the authors conclude that more trials are necessary.90003 90066 Side effects 90067 90002 According to the same review above, people with Crohn’s disease had a higher risk of adverse events when they took a specific probiotic. 90003 90002 People with weakened immune systems were also more vulnerable to side effects. 90003 90002 Other research from the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health supports the conclusion that probiotics may not be safe for people with serious underlying medical conditions. 90003 90002 A 2018 analysis of probiotic trials warns that many studies do not report safety data, including information on adverse events, even when they claim to prove that probiotics work.90003 90002 The lack of data regarding safety shows that scientists know little about the risks of probiotics, especially the potential issues of long-term use. 90003 90002 Anyone concerned about the risk of side effects should speak with a doctor before significantly increasing their intake of probiotics. 90003 Share on PinterestMost people get enough prebiotics from the diet, without taking supplements. 90002 Prebiotics are a component of some foods that the body can not digest. They serve as food for bacteria and other beneficial organisms in the gut.90003 90002 The benefits of prebiotics have links to the benefits of probiotics. Prebiotics may support a healthy gut, offering better digestive health, fewer antibiotic-related health problems, and other benefits. 90003 90002 There is less research on prebiotics than on probiotics. 90003 90002 As a result, the extent to which prebiotics improve health is unclear. Scientists are not yet entirely sure that they can strengthen the purported benefits of probiotics. 90003 90002 Some research suggests that prebiotics may benefit the body by: 90003 90050 90051 improving calcium absorption 90052 90051 changing how quickly the body can process carbohydrates 90052 90051 supporting the probiotic growth of gut bacteria, potentially enhancing digestion and metabolism 90052 90063 90002 Prebiotics occur naturally in many foods, so there is no need for people to take prebiotic supplements.90003 90002 There is currently no evidence that taking prebiotics and probiotics together is harmful. However, people who have chronic diseases or serious illnesses should avoid probiotic or prebiotic supplements unless a doctor advises otherwise. 90003 90002 Research on the side effects of prebiotics is also in its infancy and requires further investigation. 90003 90002 Prebiotics serve as food for probiotics, so probiotics need access to prebiotics to work effectively. 90003 90002 Research assessing the connection between the two is ongoing, and scientists can not yet confirm whether taking prebiotics can support probiotic development.90003 90002 People who eat a balanced, varied, and healthful diet will get many prebiotics and probiotics through their food: 90003 90066 Probiotic foods 90067 90002 Many foods are rich in probiotics, including: 90003 90050 90051 yogurt 90052 90051 kefir 90052 90051 fermented foods, such as sauerkraut and kimchi 90052 90051 kombucha 90052 90051 traditional fermented buttermilk 90052 90051 fermented cheeses, such as Gouda 90052 90063 90066 Prebiotic foods 90067 90002 By including a variety of foods in their diet, people can ensure that they consume a range of prebiotics that may fuel various strains of bacteria.Prebiotics are in many high-fiber foods, including some fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. 90003 90002 Some probiotic-rich foods may also contain prebiotics. 90003 90002 Babies get access to prebiotics through the sugars in breast milk, and some infant formulas also contain prebiotics. 90003 90002 For most healthy people, there is no need to take prebiotic or probiotic supplements. However, the risk of doing so is usually minimal for people who do not have weakened immune systems or underlying illnesses.90003 90002 A diet consisting of a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and fermented foods makes it possible for people to consume sufficient prebiotics and probiotics without relying on supplements. 90003 90002 People should consult a doctor or dietitian if they feel that they need specific advice on the right diet for their needs. 90003.